e-ISSN 2231-8534
ISSN 0128-7702
Nur Amirah Kamaluddin, Murizah Kassim and Shahrani Shahbudin
Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, Volume 30, Issue 4, October 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.4.19
Keywords: 3D augmented reality, inward leakage testing, marker detection, mask material, mobile apps, protective face mask
Published on: 28 September 2022
Protective face mask identification is essential today to users as it is a prominent protective wearable to shield from being infected by Covid-19 viruses. Protective face masks consist of layers of fibers that can capture large respiratory droplets and microscopic particles such as viruses or dust. Thus, mask filtration efficiency results depend on the materials used for each layer. Detail about mask description and efficiency are still anonymous to users, which is vital in this COVID-19. Therefore, this paper reviews designing 3D augmented reality for the protective mask with its detail parameter and mask sizing recommendation on android mobile. About 73 articles on the protective face mask, 3D augmented reality modeling, masks inward leakage testing, breathing resistance, and measuring faces have been reviewed. The result examines the existing protective face mask, inward leakage testing parameter, breathing resistance parameters, 3D modeling techniques, mobile applications, and the application used for measuring faces. The identified result shows six recent and familiar masks with 8% of arithmetic mean for inward leakage testing. The best flow efficiency is determined a 0.3 Microns bigger than 95%. The result also shows a detailed parameter for inward leakage testing in terms of inhalation resistance and flow rate. The comparison for 3D AR parameters is identified for application type, evaluated parameter, technical support parameter, AR platform, and software. This research is significant for developing AR mobile applications that ease and transparency information to the community for safety and health issues in Malaysia.
Acaya, M. A., Amador, J. P. G., Elinon, E. S., Recaido, R. M. A., Bermudez, J. R. D., Guadanaa, R. R. H., Bangit, A. C., & Ramirez, E. Q. (2018). Fieldtrip Ni Juan: An augmented reality mobile application for the tourist spots in the Philippines for Travel Hub PH. In 2018 IEEE Region 10 Conference (2242-2247). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/1109/TENCON.2018.8650364
Andayani, U., Syahputra, M., Muchtar, M., Sattar, M., Prayudani, S., & Fahmi, F. (2019). 3D modelling intestine anatomy with augmented reality for interactive medical learning. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 648, Article 012035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/648/1/012035
Ardon-Dryer, K., Warzywoda, J., Tekin, R., Biros, J., Almodovar, S., Weeks, B. L., Hope-Weeks, L. J., & Sacco, A. (2021). Mask material filtration efficiency and mask fitting at the crossroads: Implications during pandemic times. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 21(7), Article 200571. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200571
Bakar, W. A. W. A., Man, M., Solehan, M. A., & Sabri, I. A. A. (2021). GAAR: Gross anatomy using augmented reality mobile application. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(5), 162-168. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021.0120520
Balamurali, B. T., Enyi, T., Clarke, C. J., Harn, S. Y., & Chen, J. M. (2021). Acoustic effect of face mask design and material choice Acoustics Australia, 49, 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40857-021-00245-2
Barratt, R., Wyer, M., Hor, S. Y., & Gilbert, L. (2020). Medical interns’ reflections on their training in use of personal protective equipment. BMC Medical Education, 20, Article 328. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02238-7
Bartzokas, N., Chavar, A. J., Porter, L. Z., Kim, M., & Blufarb, A. (2020). Developing Animated Sequences for Augmented Reality. The New York Times Company. https://rd.nytimes.com/projects/developing-animated-sequences-for-augmented-reality
Baugh, L. (2015). Total inward leakage testing for respirators. International Safety Equipment Association. https://safetyequipment.org/knowledge-center-items/total-inward-leakage-testing-for-respirators/
Bazaluk, O., Cheberiachko, S., Cheberiachko, Y. I., Deryugin, O. V., Lozynskyi, V., Knysh, I., Saik, P., & Naumov, M. (2021). Development of a dust respirator by improving the half mask frame design. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), Article 5482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105482
Bhargava, A., Bertrand, J., & Babu, S. V. (2017). AACT: A mobile augmented reality application for art creation. In 2017 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI) (pp. 254-255). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/3DUI.2017.7893368
Bolkart, T., Bose, P., Shu, C., & Wuhrer, S. (2014). A general framework to generate sizing systems from 3d motion data applied to face mask design. In 2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision (pp. 425-431). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/3DV.2014.43
Bouaziz, R., Alhejaili, M., Al-Saedi, R., Mihdhar, A., & Alsarrani, J. (2020). Using marker based augmented reality to teach autistic eating skills. In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR) (pp. 239-242). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/AIVR50618.2020.00050
Cahill, D. J. (2020). Personal protective equipment (PPE)safe. Centre for Innovative Human Systems (CIHS). https://www.tcd.ie/cihs/projects/ppe_safe.php
Cheberyachko, S., Cheberyachko, Y., Naumov, M., & Deryugin, O. (2020). Development of an algorithm for effective design of respirator half-masks and encapsulated particle filters. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 28(2), 1145-1159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2020.1869429
Cherrie, J. W., Apsley, A., Cowie, H., Steinle, S., Mueller, W., Lin, C., Horwell, C. J., Sleeuwenhoek, A., & Loh, M. (2018). Effectiveness of face masks used to protect Beijing residents against particulate air pollution. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 75(6), 446-452. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104765
Cho, K. J., Reponen, T., Mckay, R., Shukla, R., Haruta, H., Sekar, P., & Grinshpun, S. A. (2009). Large particle penetration through N95 respirator filters and facepiece leaks with cyclic flow. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 54(1), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mep062
Chua, M. H., Cheng, W., Goh, S., Kong, J., Li, B., Lim, J., Mao, L., Wang, S., Xue, K., Yang, L., Ye, E., Zhang, K., Cheong, W., Tan, B., Li, Z., Tan, B., & Loh, X. J. (2020). Face masks in the new COVID-19 normal: Materials, testing, and perspectives. Research, 2020, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.34133/2020/7286735
Costa, A., Lima, R., & Tamayo, S. (2019). Eva: A virtual pet in augmented reality. In 2019 21st Symposium on Virtual and Augmented Reality (SVR) (pp. 45-51). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/SVR.2019.00024
Dangkham, P. (2018). Mobile augmented reality on web-based for the tourism using HTML5. In 2018 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN) (pp. 482-485). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOIN.2018.8343165
Davis, B., & Tsen, L. (2020). Wearing an N95 respiratory mask: An unintended exercise benefit? Anesthesiology, 133, 684-686. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003421
Demir, Ö. F., & Karaarslan, E. (2018). Augmented reality application for smart tourism: GökovAR. In 2018 6th International Istanbul Smart Grids and Cities Congress and Fair (ICSG) (pp.164-167). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/SGCF.2018.8408965
Eubanks, J. C., Somareddy, V., McMahan, R. P., & Lopez, A. A. (2016). Full-body portable virtual reality for personal protective equipment training. In International Conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (pp. 490-501). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39907-2_47
Ganapathy, S. (2013). Design guidelines for mobile augmented reality: User experience. In W. Huang, L. Alem, & M. A. Livingston (Eds.), Human Factors in Augmented Reality Environments, (pp. 165-180). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4205-9_7
Ghazali, M. A. A., Kassim, M., Ya’acob, N., Idris, A., & Saaidin, S. (2019). Mobile application on garbage collector tracker using google maps. In 2019 IEEE 9th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology, ICSET 2019 (pp. 287-291). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSEngT.2019.8906374
Ghosh, M., Bhattacharya, A., Ghosh, K., Bhattacharya, K., & Halder, A. (2020). Saving the savior in COVID19 pandemic: Face masks. International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences, 9(5), 58-61. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_70_20
Hamid, N. F. I. A., Din, F. A. M., Izham, S., & Isa, S. N. M. (2016). An interactive mobile augmented reality for advertising industry. In Proceedings of SAI Intelligent Systems Conference (pp. 763-770). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56994-9_52
Hao, W., Parasch, A., Williams, S., Li, J., Ma, H., Burken, J., & Wang, Y. (2020). Filtration performances of non-medical materials as candidates for manufacturing facemasks and respirators. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 229, Article 113582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113582
Hariharan, P., Sharma, N., Guha, S., Banerjee, R. K., D’Souza, G., & Myers, M. R. (2021). A computational model for predicting changes in infection dynamics due to leakage through N95 respirators. Scientific Reports, 11, Article 10690. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89604-7
Hossain, M. F., Barman, S., Biswas, N., & Bahalul Haque, A. K. M. (2021). Augmented reality in medical education: AR Bones. In 2021 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS) (pp. 348-353). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCIS51004.2021.9397108
Hou, S. M., Liu, Y. Y., Tang, Q. B., & Guo, X. G. (2017). Mobile augmented reality system for preschool education. In 2017 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization (ICVRV) (pp. 321-323). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVRV.2017.00074
Huber, T., Goldman, O., Epstein, A., Stella, G., & Sakmar, T. (2021). Principles and practice for SARS-CoV-2 decontamination of N95 masks with UV-C. Biophysical Journal, 120(14), 2927-2942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.039
Jerath, R., Edry, J. W., Barnes, V. A., & Jerath, V. (2006). Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: Neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system. Medical Hypotheses, 67(3), 566-571. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.042
Johnson, A. (2016). Respirator masks protect health but impact performance: A review. Journal of Biological Engineering, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-016-0025-4
Johnston, B., McEwan, A., & Chazal, P. D. (2017). Semi-automated nasal PAP mask sizing using facial photographs. In 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (pp. 1214-1217). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2017.8037049
Kanivets, O. V., Kanivets, I. M., Kononets, N. V., Gorda, T. M., & Shmelter, E. O. (2019). Development of mobile applications of augmented reality for projects with projection drawings. CEUR Workshop Proceeding, 2547, 262-273.
Karuppasamy, K., & Obuchowski, N. (2021). Comparison of fit for sealed and loose-fitting surgical masks and N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 65(4), 463-474. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa125
Kassim, M., & Bakar, A. S. A. (2021). The design of augmented reality using unity 3D image marker detection for smart bus transportation. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 15(17), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v15i17.22071
Kassim, M., & Zubir, M. T. H. M. (2019). Design of augmented reality for engineering equipment in education. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 8(6), 2773-2781, Article 15. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/15862019
Kassim, M., & Said, M. N. H. M. (2018). Data analytics on interactive indoor cycling exercises with virtual reality video games. In 2018 4th International Conference on Control, Automation and Robotics (ICCAR) (pp. 321-326). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAR.2018.8384693
Kesim, M., & Ozarslan, Y. (2012). Augmented reality in education: Current technologies and the potential for education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 297-302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.654
Koca, B. A., Çubukçu, B., & Yüzgeç, U. (2019). Augmented reality application for preschool children with unity 3D platform. In 2019 3rd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT) (pp. 1-4). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMSIT.2019.8932729
Kumar, A., Kaur, A., & Kumar, M. (2019). Face Detection Techniques: A Review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 52, 927-948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-018-9650-2
Kwong, L. H., Wilson, R., Kumar, S., Crider, Y. S., Sanchez, Y. R., Rempel, D., & Pillarisetti, A. (2021). Review of the breathability and filtration efficiency of common household materials for face masks. Acs Nano, 15(4), 5904-5924. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c10146
Le, Q. T., Pedro, A., Lim, C., Park, H., Park, C., & Kim, H. (2015). A framework for using mobile based virtual reality and augmented reality for experiential construction safety education. International Journal of Engineering Education, 31(3), 713-725.
Lee, S. A., Grinshpun, S. A., & Reponen, T. (2008). Respiratory performance offered by N95 respirators and surgical masks: Human subject evaluation with NaCl Aerosol representing bacterial and viral particle size range. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 52(3), 177-185. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/men005
Leung, K. H., Hung, K., Ko, C. P., & Lo, S. F. (2019). Design and development of an augmented reality mobile application for medical training. In 2019 IEEE 6th International Conference on Engineering Technologies and Applied Sciences (ICETAS) (pp. 1-4). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETAS48360.2019.9117464
Long, Y., Hu, T., Liu, L., Chen, R., Guo, Q., Yang, L., Cheng, Y., Huang, J., & Du, L. (2020). Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks against influenza: A systematic review and meta analysis. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 13(2), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12381
Mahrous, A., Elgreatly, A., Qian, F., & Schneider, G. B. (2021). A comparison of pre-clinical instructional technologies: Natural teeth, 3D models, 3D printing, and augmented reality. Journal of Dental Education, 85(11), 1795-1801. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12736
Mambu, J. Y., Anderson, E., Wahyudi, A., Keyeh, G., & Dajoh, B. (2019). Blind reader: An object identification mobile- based application for the blind using augmented reality detection. In 2019 1st International Conference on Cybernetics and Intelligent System (ICORIS) (pp. 138-141). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICORIS.2019.8874906
Matuschek, C., Moll, F., Fangerau, H., Fischer, J. C., Zänker, K., van Griensven, M., Schneider, M., Kindgen-Milles, D., Knoefel, W. T., Lichtenberg, A., Tamaskovics, B., Djiepmo-Njanang, F. J., Budach, W., Corradini, S., Häussinger, D., Feldt, T., Jensen, B., Pelka, R., Orth, K., … & Haussmann, J. (2020). Face masks: Benefits and risks during the COVID-19 crisis. European Journal of Medical Research, 25, Article 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-020-00430-5
Mazlan, N. (2020). Rehabilitation hand exercise system with video games. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 9(1), 545-551. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/74912020
Moro, C., Phelps, C., Redmond, P., & Stromberga, Z. (2021). HoloLens and mobile augmented reality in medical and health science education: A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(2), 680-694. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13049
Ramirez, J., & O’Shaughnessy, P. (2016). Filter penetration and breathing resistance evaluation of respirators and dust masks. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 14(2), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2016.1237027
Ramirez, J. A. (2015). Evaluation of particle penetration and breathing resistance of N95 filtering face-piece respirators and uncertified dust masks (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Iowa, USA. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/evaluation-particle-penetration-breathing/docview/1767779432/se-2?accountid=27932
Rashid, R. A., Mohamed, H., & Hussin, A. R. C. (2017). Mobile Augmented Reality Tourism Application Framework. In International Conference of Reliable Information and Communication Technology (pp. 108-115). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59427-9_12
Reipschläger, P., & Dachselt, R. (2019). Designar: Immersive 3d-modeling combining augmented reality with interactive displays. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM International Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces (pp. 29-41). ACM Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1145/3343055.3359718
Roy, S. G., & Kanjilal, U. (2021). Web-based augmented reality for information delivery services: A performance study. Desidoc Journal of Library & Information Technology, 41(3), 167-174.
Rumiński, D., & Klinker, G. (2018). Augmenting mixed reality applications with the vibro motors wearable. In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct) (pp. 401-402). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct.2018.00116
Safitri, R., Yusra, D. S., Hermawan, D., Ripmiatin, E., & Pradani, W. (2017). Mobile tourism application using augmented reality. In 2017 5th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM) (pp. 1-6). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITSM.2017.8089305
Santarsiero, A., Giustini, M., Quadrini, F., D’Alessandro, D., & Fara, G. M. (2021). Effectiveness of face masks for the population. Annali Di Igiene Medicina Preventiva E Di Comunita, 33(4), 347-359. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2020.2390
Scheepers, P. T. J., Wertheim, H. F. L., van Dael, M., Anzion, R., Holterman, H. J., Teerenstra, S., de Groot, M., Voss, A., & Hopman, J. (2021). Comparative performance testing of respirator versus surgical mask using a water droplet spray model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), Article 1599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041599
Shelus, V., Frank, S., Lazard, A., Higgins, I., Pulido, M., Richter, A., Vandegrift, S., Vereen, R., Ribisl, K., & Hall, M. (2020). Motivations and barriers for the use of face coverings during the COVID-19 pandemic: Messaging insights from focus groups. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), Article 9298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249298
Shirazi, A., & Behzadan, A. (2014). Design and assessment of a mobile augmented reality-based information delivery tool for construction and civil engineering curriculum. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 141(3), Article 04014012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000229
Sik-Lanyi, C. (2017). Virtual reality healthcare system could be a potential future of health consultations. In 2017 IEEE 30th Neumann Colloquium (NC) (pp. 000015-000020). IEEE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1109/NC.2017.8263275
Steinle, S., Sleeuwenhoek, A., Mueller, W., Horwell, C. J., Apsley, A., Davis, A., Cherrie, J. W., & Galea, K. S. (2018). The effectiveness of respiratory protection worn by communities to protect from volcanic ash inhalation. Part II: Total inward leakage tests. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 221(6), 977-984. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.03.011
Teng, C. H., & Peng, S. S. (2017). Augmented-reality-based 3D Modeling system using tangible interface. Sensors and Materials, 29(11), 1545-1554. https://doi.org/10.18494/sam.2017.1703
Vuforia. (2020). Increasing detection distance. Vuforia Engine Developer Portal. https://developer.vuforia.com/forum/vumarks/increasing-detection-distance
WHO. (2020). Malaysia: WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard with vaccination data. World Health Organization. https://covid19.who.int/region/wpro/country/my
Yao, B. G., Wang, Y. X., Ye, X. Y., Zhang, F., & Peng, Y. L. (2019). Impact of structural features on dynamic breathing resistance of healthcare face mask. Science of The Total Environment, 689, 743-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.463
Zhu, J., He, X., Guffey, S., Wang, L., Wang, H., & Cheng, J. (2020). Performance comparison of N95 and P100 filtering facepiece respirators with presence of artificial leakage. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 64(2), 202-216. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz086
ISSN 0128-7702
e-ISSN 2231-8534
Recent Articles