e-ISSN 2231-8526
ISSN 0128-7680
Hongying Chen, Norafida Bahari, Suraini Mohamad Saini and Noramaliza Mohd Noor
Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, Volume 30, Issue 4, October 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.4.08
Keywords: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, computed tomography, congenital heart defects, echocardiography, imaging diagnosis, radiation dose
Published on: 28 September 2022
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common congenital disabilities. Early and accurate diagnosis of coronary heart disease is very important for patients to get timely and effective treatment. In recent years, the accuracy of coronary heart disease diagnosis has been greatly improved with the development of medical imaging equipment and technology. At present, the clinical application of echocardiogram (echo), cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) in coronary heart disease anatomy and function has increased significantly, which plays an important role in preoperative diagnosis, intraoperative monitoring, and postoperative recovery evaluation. However, each imaging technique has its indications. Providing the best examination plan for patients requires clinicians and radiologists’ close cooperation. Therefore, this study reviewed the imaging techniques for diagnosing coronary heart disease.
Acar, P., Dulac, Y., Taktak, A., & Villacèque, M. (2004). Echocardiographie 3D temps réel des cardiopathies congénitales [Real time 3D echocardiography in congenital heart disease]. Archives des maladies du coeur et des vaisseaux, 97(5), 472-478.
Arlachov, Y., & Ganatra, R. H. (2012). Sedation/anaesthesia in paediatric radiology. The British Journal of Radiology, 85(1019), e1018-e1031. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/28871143
Barkovich, M. J., Xu, D., Desikan, R. S., Williams, C., & Barkovich, A. J. (2018). Pediatric neuro MRI: Tricks to minimize sedation. Pediatric Radiology, 48(1), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-017-3785-1
Booij, R., Dijkshoorn, M. L., van Straten, M., du Plessis, F. A., Budde, R. P. J., Moelker, A., Krestin, G. P., & Ouhlous, M. (2016). Cardiovascular imaging in pediatric patients using dual source CT. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, 10(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.jcct.2015.10.003
Brenner, D. J., & Hall, E. J. (2007). Computed tomography - An increasing source of radiation exposure. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357(22), 2277-2284. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra072149
Char, D., Ramamoorthy, C., & Wise-Faberowski, L. (2016). Cognitive dysfunction in children with heart disease: The role of anesthesia and sedation. Congenital Heart Disease, 11(3), 221-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/chd.12352
Chen, D., Zhong, H. B., Lin, D. X., Chen, W. R., & Xie, L. D. (2017). The predictive value of echocardiography combined with electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease. Chinese Journal of Hypertension, 25(8), 767-772. https://doi.org/10.16439/j.cnki.1673-7245.2017.08.024
Chen, X. F., Jiang, F., Li, L., Chen, Y., Chen, X., Jiang, Y. Y., Xiang, L., & Ma, X. J. (2017). Application of low-dose dual-source computed tomography angiography in children with complex congenital heart disease. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 14(2), 1177-1183. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4591
Crean, A. (2007). Cardiovascular MR and CT in congenital heart. disease. Heart (British Cardiac Society), 93(12), 1637-1647. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2006.104729
Davis, C. P., & Cunha, J. P. (2019). CT scan vs. MRI differences between machines, costs, uses. MedicineNet. https://www.medicinenet.com/ct_scan_vs_mri/article.htm
Davison, R., & Mead, P. (2010). Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF): The role of tamoxifen. NDT Plus, 3(5), 505-512. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfq111
Earls, J. P., Berman, E. L., Urban, B. A., Curry, C. A., Lane, J. L., Jennings, R. S., McCulloch, C. C., Hsieh, J., & Londt, J. H. (2008). Prospectively gated transverse coronary CT angiography versus retrospectively gated helical technique: Improved image quality and reduced radiation dose. Radiology, 246(3), 742-753. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2463070989
Elmholdt, T. R., Pedersen, M., Jørgensen, B., Søndergaard, K., Jensen, J. D., Ramsing, M., & Olesen, A. B. (2011). Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is found only among gadolinium-exposed patients with renal insufficiency: A case-control study from Denmark. The British Journal of Dermatology, 165(4), 828-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10465.x
Enaba, M. M., Hasan, D. I., Alsowey, A. M., & Elsayed, H. (2017). Multidetector computed tomography (CT) in evaluation of congenital cyanotic heart diseases. Polish Journal of Radiology, 82, 645-659. https://doi.org/10.12659/PJR.903222
Feng, C. Z., & Xing, F. Q. (2012). Diagnose of neonate with complex congenital heart disease on 64-detector CT. Journal of Chengdu College, 7(2), 7-14.
Fisher, J. K., & Sawyers, T. (2020). CT scan vs. MRI. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/ct-scan-vs-mri
Fratz, S., Chung, T., Greil, G. F., Samyn, M. M., Taylor, A. M., Buechel, E. R. V., Yoo, S. J., & Powell, A. J. (2013). Guidelines and protocols for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children and adults with congenital heart disease: SCMR expert consensus group on congenital heart disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 15(1), Article 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-15-51
Gilboa, S. M., Devine, O. J., Kucik, J. E., Oster, M. E., Riehle-Colarusso, T., Nembhard, W. N., Xu, P., Correa, A., Jenkins, K., & Marelli, A. J. (2016). Congenital heart defects in the United States: Estimating the magnitude of the affected population in 2010. Circulation, 134(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019307
Ginat, D. T., Fong, M. W., Tuttle, D. J., Hobbs, S. K., & Vyas, R. C. (2011). Cardiac imaging: Part 1, MR pulse sequences, imaging planes, and basic anatomy. American Journal of Roentgenology, 197(4), 808-815. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.7231
Glockner, J. F., Johnston, D. L., & McGee, K. P. (2003). Evaluation of cardiac valvular disease with MR imaging: Qualitative and quantitative techniques. Radiographics, 23(1), Article e9. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.e9
Goo, H. W. (2010). State-of-the-art CT imaging techniques for congenital heart disease. Korean Journal of Radiology, 11(1), 4-18. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2010.11.1.4
Goo, H. W., Park, I. S., Ko, J. K., Kim, Y. H., Seo, D. M., Yun, T. J., & Park, J. J. (2005). Visibility of the origin and proximal course of coronary arteries on non-ECG-gated heart CT in patients with congenital heart disease. Pediatric Radiology, 35(8), 792-798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-005-1482-y
Gopal, A., Mao, S. S., Karlsberg, D., Young, E., Waggoner, J., Ahmadi, N., Pal, R. S., Leal, J., Karlsberg, R. P., & Budoff, M. J. (2009). Radiation reduction with prospective ECG-triggering acquisition using 64-multidetector computed tomographic angiography. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, 25(4), 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-008-9396-z
Gutgesell, H. P., & Rembold, C. M. (1990). Growth of the human heart relative to body surface area. The American Journal of Cardiology, 65(9), 662-668. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)91048-b
Hausleiter, J., Meyer, T. S., Martuscelli, E., Spagnolo, P., Yamamoto, H., Carrascosa, P., Anger, T., Lehmkuhl, L., Alkadhi, H., Martinoff, S., Hadamitzky, M., Hein, F., Bischoff, B., Kuse, M., Schömig, A., & Achenbach, S. (2012). Image quality and radiation exposure with prospectively ECG-triggered axial scanning for coronary CT angiography: The multicenter, multivendor, randomized Protection-III study. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 5(5), 484-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.12.017
Hoffman, J., & Kaplan, S. (2002). The incidence of congenital heart disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 39(12), 1890-1900. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01886-7
Horehledova, B., Mihl, C., Boswijk, E., Crombag, G., Nijssen, E. C., Nelemans, P. J., Veenstra, L. F., Wildberger, J. E., & Das, M. (2020). Retrospectively ECG-gated helical vs. non-ECG-synchronized high-pitch CTA of the aortic root for TAVI planning. PloS One, 15(5), Article e0232673. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232673
Hu, S. (2020). Report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2019: Updated summary. Chinese Circulation Journal, 35(9), 833-854.
Husmann, L., Valenta, I., Gaemperli, O., Adda, O., Treyer, V., Wyss, C. A., Veit-Haibach, P., Fuminari, T., Schulthess, G. K., & Kaufmann, P. A. (2008). Feasibility of low-dose coronary CT angiography: First experience with prospective ECG-gating. European Heart Journal, 29(2), 191-197. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehm614
ICRP. (2007). 2007 Recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. Annals of the ICRP, 37(2-4), 1-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icrp.2007.10.003
Jin, K. N., Park, E. A., Shin, C. I., Lee, W., Chung, J. W., & Park, J. H. (2010). Retrospective versus prospective ECG-gated dual-source CT in pediatric patients with congenital heart diseases: Comparison of image quality and radiation dose. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, 26(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-009-9579-2
Jing, L., Pulenthiran, A., Nevius, C. D., Mejia-Spiegeler, A., Suever, J. D., Wehner, G. J., Kirchner, H. L., Haggerty, C. M., & Fornwalt, B. K. (2017). Impaired right ventricular contractile function in childhood obesity and its association with right and left ventricular changes: A cine DENSE cardiac magnetic resonance study. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 19(1), Article 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-017-0363-5
Kleijn, S. A., & Kamp, O. (2009). Clinical application of three-dimensional echocardiography: Past, present and future. Netherlands Heart Journal, 17(1), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03086210
Koestenberger, M., Friedberg, M. K., Ravekes, W., Nestaas, E., & Hansmann, G. (2012). Non-invasive imaging for congenital heart disease: Recent innovations in transthoracic echocardiography. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Cardiology, S8(002), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9880.S8-002
Kutty, S., Xiao, Y., Olson, J., Xie, F., Danford, D. A., Erickson, C. C., & Porter, T. R. (2016). Safety and efficacy of cardiac ultrasound contrast in children and adolescents for resting and stress echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 29(7), 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.02.019
Lai, W. W., Geva, T., Shirali, G. S., Frommelt, P. C., Humes, R. A., Brook, M. M., Pignatelli, R. H., & Rychik, J. (2006). Guidelines and standards for performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: A report from the Task Force of the Pediatric Council of the American Society of Echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 19(12), 1413-1430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2006.09.001
Lang, R. M., Badano, L. P., Tsang, W., Adams, D. H., Agricola, E., Buck, T., Faletra, F. F., Franke, A., Hung, J., de Isla, L. P., Kamp, O., Kasprzak, J. D., Lancellotti, P., Marwick, T. H., McCulloch, M. L., Monaghan, M. J., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Pandian, N. G., Pellikka, P. A., & Pepi, M. (2012). EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 25(1), 3-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2011.11.010
Larson, D. B., Johnson, L. W., Schnell, B. M., Goske, M. J., Salisbury, S. R., & Forman, H. P. (2011). Rising use of CT in child visits to the emergency department in the United States, 1995-2008. Radiology, 259(3), 793-801. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11101939
Li, F., Yang, G., & Zhu, Z.M. (2009). Investigation on technical principle and clinical application of dual-source CT. Chinese Medical Equipment Journal, 30(2), 112-113. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-8868.2009.02.050
Li, M., Gan, T., Shun, K., Song, X. R., & Wu, R. N. (2016). Diagnostic value for complex congenital heart disease: The comparative study of low doses of large pitch dual-source CT imaging and echocardiography. Progress in Modern Biomedicine, 16(2), 229-308.
Lian, J., Wang, X. Q., & Wang, P. F. (2018). Application value of transthoracic echocardiography and DSCT in preoperation of children with congenital heart disease. Chinese Jounrnal of CT and MRI, 16(1), 72-74. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2018.01.023
Lin, E., & Alessio, A. (2009). What are the basic concepts of temporal, contrast, and spatial resolution in cardiac CT? Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, 3(6), 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2009.07.003
Liu, N., & Wang, Q. Z. (2017). The diagnosis value of MSCT for complex congenital heart disease in children. Chinese Journal of CT and MRI, 15(9), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-5131.2017.09.015
Lu, M. J., &, Zhao, S. H. (2010). Magnetic resonance imaging in complex congenital heart disease. Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, 5(3), 652-655.
Lv, J. H., Lu, M. J., Zhao, S. H., Jiang, S. L., Zhang, G. J., Zhang, Y., & Jin, L. X. (2010). “One-stop shop” examination of complicated and complex congenital heart diseases with MRI. Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging Technology, 26(10), 1864-1868.
Marin, J. R., Zuckerbraun, N. S., & Kahn, J. M. (2012). Use of emergency ultrasound in United States pediatric emergency medicine fellowship programs in 2011. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 31(9), 1357-1363. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2012.31.9.1357
Mazrani, W., McHugh, K., & Marsden, P. J. (2007). The radiation burden of radiological investigations. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 92(12), 1127-1131. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2006.101782
Miao, Y., Bing, J. W., & Bu, G. L. (2016). Application of prospectively electrocardiograph-gated 128-slcie sprial CT angiography in children with complex congenital heart disease. Chinese Journal of CT and MRI, 14(10), 51-53.
MOH. (2007). Health indicators: Indicators for monitoring and evaluation of strategy health for all. Ministry of Health. https://www.moh.gov.my/moh/images/gallery/publications/md/hi/hi_2007.pdf
MOH. (2008a). Health facts 2007. Ministry of Health. http://vlib.moh.gov.my/cms/documentstorage/com.tms.cms.document.Document_2e89ce05-a0188549-d5315d00-5bfa49a4/2007.pdf
MOH. (2008b). Annual report 2007 (pp.75-76). Ministry of Health. https://www.moh.gov.my/moh/images/gallery/publications/md/ar/2007-2.pdf
Nakagawa, M., Ozawa, Y., Nomura, N., Inukai, S., Tsubokura, S., Sakurai, K., Shimohira, M., Ogawa, M., & Shibamoto, Y. (2016). Utility of dual source CT with ECG-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition (Flash Spiral Cardio mode) to evaluate morphological features of ventricles in children with complex congenital heart defects. Japanese Journal of Radiology, 34(4), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-016-0522-x
Nie, P., Yang, G., Wang, X., Duan, Y., Xu, W., Li, H., Cao, T., Liu, X., Ji, X., Cheng, Z., & Wang, A. (2014). Application of prospective ECG-gated high-pitch 128-slice dual-source CT angiography in the diagnosis of congenital extracardiac vascular anomalies in infants and children. PloS One, 9(12), Article e115793. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115793
Pache, G., Grohmann, J., Bulla, S., Arnold, R., Stiller, B., Schlensak, C., Langer, M., & Blanke, P. (2011). Prospective electrocardiography-triggered CT angiography of the great thoracic vessels in infants and toddlers with congenital heart disease: Feasibility and image quality. European Journal of Radiology, 80(3), e440-e445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.01.032
Pavithran, S., Natarajan, K., Vishwambaran, B., Arke, A. D., & Sivakumar, K. (2014). Preliminary evaluation of a microtransesophageal probe in neonates and young infants undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Annals of Pediatric Cardiology, 7(3), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2069.140829
Pearce, M. S., Salotti, J. A., Little, M. P., McHugh, K., Lee, C., Kim, K. P., Howe, N. L., Ronckers, C. M., Rajaraman, P., Craft, A. W., Parker, L., & de González DPhil, A. B. (2012). Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: A retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 380(9840), 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0
Porter, T. R., Mulvagh, S. L., Abdelmoneim, S. S., Becher, H., Belcik, J. T., Bierig, M., Choy, J., Gaibazzi, N., Gillam, L. D., Janardhanan, R., Kutty, S., Leong-Poi, H., Linder, J. R., Main, M. L., Mathias Jr, W., Park, M. M., Senior, R., & Villanueva, F. (2018). Clinical applications of ultrasonic enhancing agents in echocardiography: 2018 American Society of echocardiography guidelines update. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 31(3), 241-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2017.11.013
Rehman, R., Yelamanchili, V. S., & Makaryus, A. N. (2021). Cardiac imaging. StatPearls Publishing LLC.
Roberts, W. T., Bax, J. J., & Davies, L. C. (2008). Cardiac CT and CT coronary angiography: Technology and application. Heart (British Cardiac Society), 94(6), 781-792. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2007.116392
Ropers, D., Rixe, J., Anders, K., Küttner, A., Baum, U., Bautz, W., Daniel, W. G., & Achenbach, S. (2006). Usefulness of multidetector row spiral computed tomography with 64- x 0.6-mm collimation and 330-ms rotation for the noninvasive detection of significant coronary artery stenoses. The American Journal of Cardiology, 97(3), 343-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.08.050
Seibert, J. A. (2004). Tradeoffs between image quality and dose. Pediatric Radiology, 34(3), S183-S195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-004-1268-7
Shrimpton, P. C., Miller, H. C., Lewis, M. A., & Dunn, M. (2005). Doses from computed tomography (CT) examinations in the UK-2003 review. National Radiological Protection Board.
Siegel, M. J. (2003). Multiplanar and three-dimensional multi-detector row CT of thoracic vessels and airways in the pediatric population. Radiology, 229(3), 641-650. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2293020999
Slovis, T. L. (2003). Children, computed tomography radiation dose, and the as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept. Pediatrics, 112(4), 971-972. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.4.971
Sluysmans, T., & Colan, S. D. (2005). Theoretical and empirical derivation of cardiovascular allometric relationships in children. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 99(2), 445-457. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01144.2004
Somerville, J., & Grech, V. (2009). The chest X-ray in congenital heart disease 1. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and coarctation of the aorta. Images in Paediatric Cardiology, 11(1), 7-9.
Sreedhar, C. M., Ram, M. S., Alam, A., & Indrajit, I. K. (2005). Cardiac MRI in congenital heart disease - Our experience. Medical Journal, Armed Forces India, 61(1), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-1237(05)80122-4
Sreedher, G., Bruckman, D., & Ganapathy, S. S. (2021). 320 slice CT in imaging of congenital heart diseases in infants: A single-center experience. Cureus, 13(2), Article e13348. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.13348
Sriharan, M., Lazoura, O., Pavitt, C. W., Castellano, I., Owens, C. M., Rubens, M. B., Padley, S. P., & Nicol, E. D. (2016). Evaluation of high-pitch ungated pediatric cardiovascular computed tomography for the assessment of cardiac structures in neonates. Journal of Thoracic Imaging, 31(3), 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1097/RTI.0000000000000201
Stolzmann, P., Goetti, R., Baumueller, S., Plass, A., Falk, V., Scheffel, H., Feuchtner, G., Marincek, B., Alkadhi, H., & Leschka, S. (2011). Prospective and retrospective ECG-gating for CT coronary angiography perform similarly accurate at low heart rates. European Journal of Radiology, 79(1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.12.016
Stolzmann, P., Leschka, S., Scheffel, H., Krauss, T., Desbiolles, L., Plass, A., Genoni, M., Flohr, T. G., Wildermuth, S., Marincek, B., & Alkadhi, H. (2008). Dual-source CT in step-and-shoot mode: Noninvasive coronary angiography with low radiation dose. Radiology, 249(1), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2483072032
Tsai, I. C., & Goo, H. W. (2013). Cardiac CT and MRI for congenital heart disease in Asian countries: Recent trends in publication based on a scientific database. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, 29(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-013-0184-z
Ünal, E., Yıldız, A. E., Güler, E., Karcaaltıncaba, M., Akata, D., Kılınçer, A., Atlı, E., Topçuoğlu, M., & Hazırolan, T. (2015). Comparison of image quality and radiation dose between prospectively ECG-triggered and retrospectively ECG-gated CT angiography: Establishing heart rate cut-off values in first-generation dual-source CT. Anatolian Journal of Cardiology, 15(9), 759-764. https://doi.org/10.5152/akd.2014.5720
UNSCEAR. (2006). Effects on ionizing radiation: United Nations scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation (Vol. 1). United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. https://www.unscear.org/docs/publications/2006/UNSCEAR_2006_Report_Vol.I.pdf
UNSCEAR. (2013). Effects of radiation exposure of children. Report to the general assembly with scientific annexes (Vol. 1). United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. https://www.unscear.org/unscear/uploads/documents/publications/UNSCEAR_2013_Annex-A-CORR.pdf
Wang, R., Xu, X. J., Huang, G., Zhou, X., Zhang, W. W., Ma, Y. Q., & Zuo, X. N. (2017). Comparison of image quality, diagnostic accuracy and radiation dose between flash model and retrospective ECG-triggered protocols in dual source computed tomography (DSCT) in congenital heart diseases. Polish Journal of Radiology, 82, 114-119. https://doi.org/10.12659/PJR.899876
Xu, L., Yang, L., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Fan, Z., Ma, X., Lv, B., & Yu, W. (2010). Low-dose adaptive sequential scan for dual-source CT coronary angiography in patients with high heart rate: Comparison with retrospective ECG gating. European Journal of Radiology, 76(2), 183-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.06.003
Yao, Q., Hu, X. H., Shen, Q. L., Qiao, Z. W., Pa, M. E., Qian, B., Yan, W, L., & Huang, G. Y. (2016). Differential effect of the ratio of right ventricular volume to left ventricular volume in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiology, 133(3), 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441291
Zeng, Q. B., Guo, Q. N, Luo, Q., Wu, G. Y., & Zhou, X. (2014). Manganese-based contrast agents for MRI. Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 5(4), 315-320.
Zhang, Y., Zou, C. J., & Xu, Y. Q. (2012). The clinical value of MSCT in anomalous pulmonary venous connection of neonate. Journal of Medical Imaging, 22(11),1876-1878.
Zimmerman, M. S., Smith, A. G. C., Sable, C. A., Echko, M. M., Wilner, L. B., Olsen, H. E., Atalay, H. T., Awasthi, A., Bhutta, Z. A., Boucher, J. L., Castro, F., Cortesi, P. A., Dubey, M., Fischer, F., Hamidi, S., Hay, S. I., Hoang, C. L., Hugo-Hamman, C., Jenkins, K. J., … & Kassebaum, N. J. (2020). Global, regional, and national burden of congenital heart disease, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(3), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30402-X
ISSN 0128-7680
e-ISSN 2231-8526