e-ISSN 2231-8526
ISSN 0128-7680
Kamal Yusuf, Zuliati Rohmah and Omar Ibrahim Alomoush
Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, Volume 30, Issue 4, December 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.30.4.13
Keywords: Arabic, language commodification, linguistic landscape, shop signs
Published on: 15 December 2022
Previous studies on the Arabic linguistic landscape have identified the commodification of Arabic in heritage sites; however, the identification was not accompanied by a satisfactory account. The current article investigates the distribution of languages, with particular reference to the position of Arabic in the commercial linguistic landscape of Leipzig, highlighting the commodification of Arabic in the commercial linguistic landscape of Leipzig. The data were collected by taking pictures of shop signs on Leipzig’s Strassenbahnstrasse and writing field notes during the participant observation. The quantitative and qualitative results show that bilingual patterns dominated by Arabic are commoner than other language patterns. One of the most interesting findings is the employment of the Arabic word ‘halal’ to arabicise some terms in Germany and manipulate the Arabic learning environment for selling products. Suggestions for future researchers are put forth at the end of the article.
Adetunji, A. (2015). English in a Nigerian linguistic landscape. World Englishes, 34(4), 654-668. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12158
Alomoush, O. I. (2015). Multilingualism in the linguistic landscape of urban Jordan. University of Liverpool.
Alomoush, O. I. S. (2021a). Arabinglish in multilingual advertising: Novel creative and innovative Arabic-English mixing practices in the Jordanian linguistic landscape. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2021.1884687
Alomoush, O. I. S. (2021b). Is English on mobile linguistic landscape resources no longer viewed as a linguistic threat to Arabic in Jordan? English Today, 37(1), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078419000282
Alomoush, O. I. S. (2021c). Linguistic landscaping in medical settings. English Today, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078421000304
Amer, F., & Obeidat, R. (2014). Linguistic landscape: A case study of shop signs in Aqaba city, Jordan. Asian Social Science, 10(18), 246-252. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n18p246
Ariffin, K., & Husin, M. S. (2013). Patterns of language use in shop signs in Malaysian towns. Journal of Arts, Science & Commerce, 4(3), 12-20.
Backhaus, P. (2007). Linguistic landscapes a comparative study of urban multilingualism in Tokyo. Multilingual Matters.
Bellés-Calvera, L. (2019). The linguistic landscape of the Valencian community: A comparative analysis of bilingual and multilingual signs in three different areas. Languages, 4(2), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages4020038
Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E., Hasan Amara, M., & Trumper-Hecht, N. (2006). Linguistic landscape as symbolic construction of the public space: The case of Israel. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 7-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668383
Botterman, A.-K. (2011). Linguistic landscapes in the City of Ghent: An empirical study. Ghent University.
Campbell, L. (2004). Historical linguistics: An introduction (2nd ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2006). Linguistic landscape and minority languages. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668386
Coluzzi, P. (2016). The linguistic landscape of Brunei. World Englishes, 35(4), 497-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12221
Coluzzi, P., & Kitade, R. (2015). The languages of places of worship in the Kuala Lumpur area. Linguistic Landscape. An International Journal, 1(3), 243-267. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.1.3.03col
da Silva, A. M. (2017). Exploring the language choice of the non-commercial signs in Jakarta. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(2), 467-475. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i2.8355
Darquennes, J. (2013). Edelman, Loulou, linguistic landscapes in the Netherlands. A study of multilingualism in Amsterdam and Friesland. Internationale Neerlandistiek, 51(1), 92-95. https://doi.org/10.5117/IVN2013.1.DARQ
David, M. K., & Manan, S. A. (2016). Language ideology and the linguistic landscape: A study in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Linguistics and the Human Sciences, 11(1), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v11i1.20228
Dütthorn, P. (2017). Leipziger Statistik Und Stadtforschung: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2017 [Leipzig statistics and urban research: Statistical Yearbook 2017]. https://static.leipzig.de/fileadmin/mediendatenbank/leipzig-de/Stadt/02.1_Dez1_Allgemeine_Verwaltung/12_Statistik_und_Wahlen/Statistik/Statistisches_Jahrbuch_Leipzig_2017.pdf
Edelman, L. (2010). Linguistic landscapes in the Netherlands: A study of multilingualism in Amsterdam and Friesland. Lot. https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/261_fulltext.pdf
Gorter, D. (2006). Introduction: The study of the linguistic landscape as a new approach to multilingualism. International Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668382
Gorter, D. (2009). The linguistic landscape in Rome: Aspects of multilingualism and diversity. In R. Bracalenti, D. Gorter, C. I. Santonico Ferrer, & C. Valente (Eds.), Roma Multietnica (I cambiamenti nel panorama linguistico/changes in the linguistic landscape, pp. 15-55). Edup SRL.
Gorter, D. (2013). Linguistic landscapes in a multilingual world. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 33, 190-212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190513000020
Gorter, D., & Cenoz, J. (2008). Knowledge about language and linguistic landscape. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 6, 2090-2102. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_160
Gorter, D., & Cenoz, J. (2016). Linguistic landscape and multilingualism. In J. Cenoz, D. Gorter & S. May (Eds.), Language awareness and multilingualism. Encyclopedia of Language and Education (pp. 1-3). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02325-0_27-1
Graham, P., & Hearn, G. (2001). The coming of post-reflexive society: Commodification and language in digital capitalism. Media International Australia, 98(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X0109800110
Guo, S., Shin, H., & Shen, Q. (2020). The commodification of Chinese in Thailand’s linguistic market: A case study of how language education promotes social sustainability. Sustainability, 12(18), Article 7344. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187344
Heller, M. (2003). Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 7(4), 473-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00238.x
Heller, M. (2010). The commodification of language. Annual Review of Anthropology, 39(1), 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104951
Huebner, T. (2006). Bangkok’s linguistic landscapes: Environmental print, codemixing, and language change. In D. Gorter (Ed.), Linguistic landscape: A new approach to multilingualism (pp. 31-35). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853599170-003
Hult, F. M., & Kelly-Holmes, H. (2019). Spectacular language and creative marketing in a Singapore tailor shop. International Journal of Multilingualism, 16(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1500263
Kochav, S. (2018). The linguistic landscape of religious expression in Israel. International Journal Linguistic Landscape, 4(1), 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.17004.koc
Kogar, T. (2014). ‘We change people’s lives’: Commodification of English in Thailand. The New English Teacher, 8(1), 142-161.
Koskinen, K. (2012). Linguistic landscape as a translational space: The case of Hervanta, Tampere. Collegium: Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 13, 73-92.
Landry, R., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1997). Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(1), 23-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X970161002
Lanza, E., & Woldemariam, H. (2013). Indexing modernity: English and branding in the linguistic landscape of Addis Ababa. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(5), 491-506. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913484204
Leeman, J., & Modan, G. (2009). Commodified language in Chinatown: A contextualized approach to linguistic landscape. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 13(3), 332-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00409.x
Leeman, J., & Modan, G. (2010). 10. Selling the city: Language, ethnicity and commodified space. In E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael, & M. Barni (Eds.), Linguistic landscape in the city (pp. 182-198). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847692993-012
Moriarty, M. (2014). Contesting language ideologies in the linguistic landscape of an Irish tourist town. International Journal of Bilingualism, 18(5), 464-477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006913484209
Nikolaou, A. (2017). Mapping the linguistic landscape of Athens: The case of shop signs. International Journal of Multilingualism, 14(2), 160-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2016.1159209
Orman, J. (2009). Language policy and nation-building in post-Apartheid South Africa (Vol. 10). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8891-9
Power, A., & Herden, E. (2016). Leipzig city story (Case report 107). STICERD. https://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/casereport107.pdf
Raza, F. (2018). Accommodating religious slaughter in the UK and Germany: Competing interests in carving out legal exemptions (Working paper no. 191). Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology. https://www.eth.mpg.de/pubs/wps/pdf/mpi-eth-working-paper-0191
Renner, A., Hoffmann, R., Nagl, M., Roehr, S., Jung, F., Grochtdreis, T., König, H.-H., Riedel-Heller, S., & Kersting, A. (2020). Syrian refugees in Germany: Perspectives on mental health and coping strategies. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 129, Article 109906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109906
Romero, S., Jaquet, M., & Verdes, N. (2019). Role of language on shop signs in Chauderon. https://sepia2.unil.ch/wp/garrido/2019/01/18/role-of-language-on-shop-signs-in-chauderon-lausanne-by-salma-romero-maxime-jaquet-nicolas-verdes/
Rowland, L. (2016). English in the Japanese linguistic landscape: A motive analysis. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 37(1), 40-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2015.1029932
Said, I. G., & Rohmah, Z. (2018). Contesting linguistic repression and endurance: Arabic in the Andalusian linguistic landscape. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 26(3), 1865-1881.
Salim, A., & Stenske, L. (2020). Negotiating ḥalāl consumption: The interplay of legitimacy, trust, and religious authority (Working paper no. 200). Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology. https://www.eth.mpg.de/pubs/wps/pdf/mpi-eth-working-paper-0200
Scollon, R., & Scollon, S. W. (2003). Discourses in place: Language in the material world. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203422724
Shamsuddin, M., & Katsaiti, M.-S. (2020). Migration and happiness: Evidence from Germany. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(8), 2931-2955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00207-6
Shohamy, E. (2006). Language policy: Hidden agendas and new approaches. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203387962
Shohamy, E., & Ghazaleh-Mahajneh, M. A. (2012). Linguistic landscape as a tool for interpreting language vitality: Arabic as a ‘minority’ language in Israel. In D. Gorter, H. F. Marten, & L. Van Mensel (Eds.), Minority languages in the linguistic landscape (pp. 89-106). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230360235_6
Van Mensel, L., Vandenbrouke, M., & Blackwood, R. (2016). Linguistic landscapes. In O. García, N. Flores, & M. Spotti (Eds.), Oxford handbook of language and society (pp. 423-449). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190212896.013.5
Yao, J., Yan, X., & Liu, S. (2020). Linguistic landscape in Liangshan Yi autonomous prefecture: The case of an ethnic minority region in China. International Journal of Multilingualism, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2020.1800018
Yusuf, K., & Putrie, Y. E. (2022). The linguistic landscape of mosques in Indonesia: materiality and identity representation. International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 10(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijscl.2022.550006.2570
Yusuf, K., Syaie, A. N. K., A’la, A., & Alomoush, O. I. S. (2022). Religious Identity Representation of Arab Diaspora in the Linguistic Landscape of Shop Signs in Sydney, Australia. Issues in Language Studies, 11(1), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.33736/ils.4338.2022
ISSN 0128-7680
e-ISSN 2231-8526