PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The significant decrease in clove production in Indonesia is mainly due to the Sumatra disease caused by bacterial Ralstonia syzygii subsp. syzygii. It is necessary to manage the disease broadly based on disease detection in the field and the laboratory. This study aims to determine the technique for detecting the distribution pattern of Sumatra disease using geographic information systems and validate the presence of R. syzygii subsp. syzygii in clove plant tissues by molecular analyses based on the endoglucanase gene. This research was conducted by acquiring aerial photos using uncrewed aerial vehicles processed using photogrammetric techniques to produce geographic information system outputs as a thematic map of the clove Sumatra disease distribution pattern. The plant samples were collected for molecular analysis of the pathogens causing clove Sumatra disease in the laboratory. DNA extraction was performed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using UGMRss-specific primers followed by Sanger sequencing. The aerial photo images showed that the distribution of clove Sumatra disease has a random pattern, which tends to spread between healthy and diseased plants. Furthermore, the PCR and phylogenetic analyses revealed that all symptomatic clove plant samples (leaves, twigs, and roots) were positively infected by R. syzygii subsp. syzygii.

• Bennett, C. P. A., Hunt, P., & Asman, A. (1985). Association of a xylem-limited bacterium with Sumatra disease of cloves in Indonesia. Plant Pathology, 34(4), 487−494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1985.tb01398.x

• Bennett, C. P. A., Jones, P., & Hunt, P. (1987). Isolation, culture and ultrastructure of a xylem-limited bacterium associated with Sumatra disease of cloves. Plant Pathology, 36(1), 45−52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1987.tb02176.x

• Danaatmadja, Y., Subandiyah, S., Joko, T., & Sari, C. U. (2009). Isolation and characterization of Ralstonia syzygii. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia, 15(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.11759

• Dwimartina, F., Arwiyanto, T., & Joko, T. (2017). Potential of endophytic and rhizobacteria as an effective biocontrol for Ralstonia syzygii subsp. syzygii. Asian Journal of Plant Pathology, 11(4), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajppaj.2017.191.198

• Eden-Green, S. J., Balfas, R., & Sutarjo, T. (1992). Characteristics of the transmission of Sumatra disease of cloves by tube-building cercopoids, Hindola spp. Plant Pathology, 41(6), 702-712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1992.tb02553.x

• Frank, J. A., Reich, C. L., Sharma, S., Weisbaum, J. S., Wilson, B. A., & Olsen, G. J. (2008). Critical evaluation of two primers commonly used for amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology, 74(8), 2461-2470. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02272-07

• Haro-González, J. N., Castillo-Herrera, G. A., Martínez-Velázquez, M., & Espinosa-Andrews, H. (2021). Clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction, chemical composition, food applications, and essential bioactivity for human health. Molecules, 26(21), 6387. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216387

• Hartati, S. Y., Boa, E. R., Supriadi, Adhi, E. M., & Karyani, N. (1991). Biological control of Sumatra disease bacterium (Pseudomonas syzygii) with its avirulent strains and Pseudomonas solanacearum. Industrial Crops Research Journal, 4(1), 1-4.

• Hung, I.-K., Unger, K., Kulhavy, D., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Positional precision analysis of orthomosaics derived from drone captured aerial imagery. Drones, 3(2), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones3020046

• Joko, T., Soffan, A., & Rohman, M. S. (2019). A novel subspecies-specific primer targeting the gyrase B gene for the detection of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(10), 3042–3048. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201037

• Ludwig, M., Runge, C. M., Friess, N., Koch, T. L., Richter, S., Seyfried, S., Wraase, L., Lobo, A., Sebastia, M. T., Reudenbach, C., & Nauss, T. (2020). Quality assessment of photogrammetric methods - A workflow for reproducible UAS orthomosaics. Remote Sensing, 12(22), 3831. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223831

• Mardiningsih, T. L., Hartati, S. Y., Nasrun, Rizal, M., Sutarjo, T., Karyani, N., & Wahyono, T. E. (2020). Control of xylem limited bacterium (XLB) disease of clove and its inscet vectors with biocontrol agents. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 468, No. 1, p. 012038). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/468/1/012038

• Navitasari, L., Joko, T., Murti, R. H., & Arwiyanto, T. (2020). Rhizobacterial community structure in grafted tomato plants infected by Ralstonia solanacearum. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(10), 4888-4895. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d211055

• Ouyang, J., Bei, R. D., & Collins, C. (2020). Assessment of canopy size using UAV-based point cloud analysis to detect the severity and spatial distribution of canopy decline. OENO One, 55(1), 253-266. https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.1.3078

• Prakoso, A. B., Joko, T., Soffan, A., Sari, J. P., Ray, J. D., Drenth, A., & Subandiyah, S. (2022). Draft genome sequence of Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis from Indonesia, the causal agent of blood disease of banana. Phytopathology, 112(7), 1584-1586. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-10-21-0443-A

• Pratama, A. P., & Darwanto, D. H. (2019). The competitiveness of Indonesian cloves commodity in international market. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 346, No. 1, p. 012067). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/346/1/012067

• Rahma, A. A., Suryanti, Somowiyarjo, S., & Joko, T. (2020). Induced disease resistance and promotion of shallot growth by Bacillus velezensis B-27. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 23(9), 1113-1121. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2020.1113.1121

• Ribeiro-Gomes, K., Hernandez-Lopez, D., Ballesteros, R., & Moreno, M. A. (2016). Approximate georeferencing and automatic blurred image detection to reduce the costs of UAV use in environmental and agricultural applications. Biosystem Engineering, 151, 308-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2016.09.014

• Roberts, S. J., Eden-Green, S. J., Jones, P., & Ambler, D. J. (1990). Pseudomonas syzygii, the cause of Sumatra disease of cloves. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 13(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0723-2020(11)80178-5

• Safni, I., Cleenwerck, I., De Vos, P., Fegan, M., Sly, L., & Kappler, U. (2014). Polyphasic taxonomic revision of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex: proposal to emend the descriptions of Ralstonia solanacearum and Ralstonia syzygii and reclassify current R. syzygii strains as Ralstonia syzygii subsp. syzygii subsp. nov., R. solanacearum phylotype IV strains as Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis subsp. nov., banana blood disease bacterium strains as Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis subsp. nov. and R. solanacearum phylotype I and III strains as Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 64(Pt_9), 3087–3103. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.066712-0

• Trianom, B., Arwiyanto, T., & Joko, T. (2018). Perancangan primer spesifik subspesies berbasis gen endoglukanase untuk deteksi Ralstonia syzygii subsp. syzygii [Development of novel subspecies-specific primers based on the endoglucanase gene for detection of Ralstonia syzygii subsp. syzygii]. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia, 22(2), 124−131. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpti.32217

• Trianom, B., Arwiyanto, T., & Joko, T. (2019). Morphological and molecular characterization of Sumatra disease of clove in Central Java, Indonesia. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 30(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2019.30.2.8

• Tsai, J. H. (1980). Lethal yellowing of coconut palm: Search for a vector. In K. F. Harris & K. Maramorosch (Eds.), Vectors of plant pathogens (pp. 177-200). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-326450-3.50015-2

• Waller, J. M., & Sitepu, D. (1975). Sumatra disease of cloves in Indonesia. PANS Pest Articles and New Summaries, 21(2), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670877509411385

• Widyaningsih, S., Utami, S. N. H., Joko, T., & Subandiyah, S. (2019). Plant response and huanglongbing disease development against heat treatments on ‘Siam Purworejo’ (Citrus nobilis (Lour)) and ‘Nambangan’ (C. maxima (Burm.) Merr.) under field condition. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 52(3-4), 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2018.1544193