PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

e-ISSN 2231-8526
ISSN 0128-7680

Home / Regular Issue / JST Vol. 29 (2) Jun. 2021 / JSSH-7347-2020

 

Perceptions of Parenting Behavior by Adolescents: The Development of the Malaysian Parenting Behavior Inventory

Nor Sheereen Zulkefly, Sharisse May Mate Barra, Amira Najiha Yahya and Rozumah Baharudin

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, Volume 29, Issue 2, June 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.2.15

Keywords: Adolescent, cultural values, parenting behavior, religious values, scale development

Published on: 28 June 2021

We conducted a study with the aims of examining adolescents’ perceptions of their mother’s and father’s parenting behavior and developing a new Malaysian Parenting Behavior Inventory (MPBI). In Phase One, we recruited 903 adolescents using the proportionate to size sampling technique. The results of the exploratory factor analyses of the MPBI Mother and Father scales revealed four underlying factor structures: Warmth, Monitoring, and Harsh Discipline were somewhat similar to those in past findings and theory, and Indigenous centered on religious and cultural values in parenting. In Phase Two, using an independent sample of adolescents, we replicated the factor structure of Study One with confirmatory factor analysis, resulting in strong model fit estimates. We conclude that the MPBI has good initial psychometric properties and is culturally influenced. The MPBI may be useful for prevention and intervention programs in clinical and non-clinical settings, including providing valuable information on factors pertinent to parent-adolescent interactions.

  • Afriani, A., Baharudin, R., Siti Nor, Y., & Nurdeng, D. (2012). The relationship between parenting style and social responsibility of adolescents in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 20(3), 733-750.

  • Alampay, L. P. (2014). Parenting in the Philippines. In H. Selin & P. Schvaneveldt (Eds.), Parenting across cultures: Childrearing, motherhood and fatherhood in non-western cultures (pp. 105-121). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7503-9_9

  • Alvarez, E. M. (2007). Development of a scale to measure parenting in Hispanic adolescents’ families. [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida]. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/600

  • Babbie, E. R. (2017). The basics of social research (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.

  • Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., & Grafeman, S. J. (2008). Child versus parent reports of parenting practices: implications for the conceptualization of child behavioral and emotional problems. Assessment, 15(3), 294-303. https://doi:10.1177/1073191107312212

  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritarian parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887-907. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611

  • Baumrind, D. (1991). Parenting styles and adolescent development. In J. Brooks-Gunn, R. M. Lerner, & A. C. Petersen (Eds.), The encyclopedia on adolescence (pp. 746-758). Garland Publishing.

  • Bridges, L. J., & Moore, K. L. (2002). Religion and spirituality in childhood and adolescence. Child Trends.

  • Buri, J. R. (1989). Self-esteem and appraisals of parental behavior. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355488941003

  • Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13

  • Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003). Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(4), 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598

  • Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., McBride-Chang, C. (2003) Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(4), 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598

  • Chao, R. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111-1120. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131308

  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5

  • Choi, Y., Kim, Y. S., Kim, S. Y., & Park, I. J. K. (2013). Is Asian American parenting controlling and harsh? Empirical testing of relationships between Korean American and Western parenting measures. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031220

  • Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p < .05). American Psychologist, 49(12), 997-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997

  • Deković, M., Janssens, J. M. A. M., & van As, N. M. C. (2003). Family predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescence. Family Process, 42, 223-235.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.42203.x

  • Dibble, E., & Cohen, D. J. (1974). Companion instruments for measuring children’s competence and parental style. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 805-815.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760120061010

  • Dimitrov, D. M. (2012). Statistical methods for validation of assessment scale date in counseling and related fields. American Counseling Association.

  • Fagan, J., Day, R., Lamb, M. E., & Cabrera, N. J. (2014). Should researchers conceptualize differently the dimensions of parenting for fathers and mothers? Journal of Family Theory and Review, 6(4), 390-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12044

  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS (4th ed.). SAGE.

  • Fine, M. A., Moreland, J. R., & Schwebel, A. I. (1983). Long-term effects of divorce on parent-child relationships. Developmental Psychology, 19(5), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.19.5.703

  • Gerard, A. B. (1994). Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) Manual. WPS.

  • Godina, L. (2014), Religion‐driven parenting practices. Child & Family Social Work, 19(4), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12054

  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Erbaum.

  • Hardy, D. F., Power, T. G., & Jaedicke, S. (1993). Examining the relation of parenting to children’s coping with everyday stress. Child Development, 64(6), 1829-1841. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131472

  • Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrics, 30, 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289447

  • Hoskins, D. H. (2014). Consequences of parenting on adolescent outcomes. Societies, 4(3), 506-531. https://doi.org.prox.lib.ncsu.edu/10.3390/soc4030506

  • Hossain Z. (2014). Parental beliefs and fathers’ and mothers’ roles in Malaysian families. In H. Selin (Ed.), Parenting across cultures. science across cultures: The history of non-Western Science (Vol 7; pp. 77-90). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7503-9_7

  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

  • Huang, C.-Y., Hsieh, Y.-P., Shen, A. C.-T., Wei, H.-S., Feng, J.-Y., Hwa, H.-L., & Feng, J. Y. (2019). Relationships between parent-reported parenting, child-perceived parenting, and children’s mental health in Taiwanese children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1409. https://doi.10.3390/ijerph16061049

  • Hulei, E., Zevenbergen, A. A., & Jacobs, S. C. (2006). Discipline behaviors of Chinese American and European American mothers. Journal of Psychology, 140(5), 459-475. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.140.5.459-475

  • Jafari, M., Baharudin, R., & Archer, M. (2016). Fathers’ parenting behaviors and Malaysian adolescents’ anxiety: Family income as a moderator. Journal of Family Issues, 37(2), 198-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x13513580

  • Janssens, A., Goossens, L., Noortgate, W. V. D., Colpin, H., Verschueren, K., & Leeuwen, K. V. (2015). Parents’ and adolescents’ perspectives on parenting: Evaluating conceptual structure, measurement invariance, and criterion validity. Assessment, 22(4), 473-489. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191114550477

  • Keats, D. M. (2000). Cross-cultural studies in child development in Asian contexts. CrossCultural Research, 34(4), 339. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939710003400403

  • Keshavarz, S., & Baharudin, R. (2013). Perceived parenting style of fathers and adolescents’ locus of control in a collectivist culture of Malaysia: The moderating role of fathers’ education. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 174(3), 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2012.678419

  • Kim, S. Y., & Wong, V. Y. (2002). Assessing Asian and Asian American parenting: A review of the literature. In K. Kurasaki, S. Okazaki & S. Sue (Eds.), Asian American mental health: Assessment methods and theories (pp. 185-201). Kluwer Academic Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0735-2_13

  • Leung, J. Y., & Shek, D. L. (2014). Parent-adolescent discrepancies in perceived parenting characteristics and adolescent developmental outcomes in poor Chinese Families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 200-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9775-5

  • Lieber, E., Fung, H., & Wing-Leung Leung, P. (2006). Chinese child-rearing beliefs: Key dimensions and contributions to the development of culture appropriate assessment. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9(2), 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00191.x

  • Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C., & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568-592. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.568

  • Parent, J., & Forehand, R. (2017). The multidimensional assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS): Development and psychometric properties. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 136-2152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0741-5

  • Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x

  • Raj, S. P., & Raval, V. V. (2013). Socialization: Theories, Processes, and Impact (E. L. Anderson & S. Thomas, Eds.). Nova Publishers.

  • Reid, C. A. Y., Roberts, L. D., Roberts, C. M., & Piek, J. P. (2015). Towards a model of contemporary parenting: The parenting behaviours and dimension questionnaire. Plos ONE 10(6), Article e0114179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114179

  • Reininger, B., Evans, A. E., Griffin, S. F., Valois, R. F., Vincent, M. L., Parra-Medina, Taylor, D. J., & Zullig, K. J. (2003). Development of a youth survey to measure behaviours, attitudes and assets: Examining multiple influences. Health Education Research, 18(4), 461-476. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyf046

  • Schludermann, E., & Schludermann, S. (1988). Children’s Report on Parent Behavior (CRPBI-108, CRPBI-30) [Unpublished manuscript]. University of Manitoba.

  • Shelton, K. K., Frick, P. J., & Wooton, J. (1996). Assessment of parenting practices in families of elementary school-age children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25(3), 317–329.  https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2503_8

  • Skinner, E. Johnson, S., & Snyder, T. (2005). Six dimensions of parenting: A motivational model. Parenting: Science and Practice, 5(2), 175-235. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327922par0502_3

  • Smokowski, P., Bacallao, M., Cotter, K., & Evans, C. R. (2015). The effects of positive and negative parenting practices on adolescent mental health outcomes in a multicultural sample of rural youth. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(3), 333-345. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10578-014-0474-2

  • Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83-110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83

  • Stewart, S. M., Bond, M. H., Zaman, R. M., McBride-Chang, C., Rao, N., Ho, L. M., Fielding, R. (1999). Functional parenting in Pakistan. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23(3), 747-770. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502599383784

  • Thompson, B. (1996). Factor analytic evidence for the construct validity of scores: A historical overview and some guidelines. Educational Psychological Measurement, 56, 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164496056002001

  • Tsaousis, I., & Kazi, S. (2013). Factorial invariance and latent mean differences of scores on trait emotional intelligence across gender and age. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(2), 169-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.016

  • Van Leeuwen, K. G., & Vermulst, A. A. (2004). Some psychometric properties of the Ghent Parental Behavior Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20(4), 283-298. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.283

  • Wilcock, W. B. (2002). Religion, convention, and paternal involvement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 780-792. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00780.x

  • Wray-Lake, L., Crouter, A. C., & McHale, S. M. (2010). Developmental patterns in decision-making autonomy across middle childhood and adolescence: European American parents’ perspectives. Child Development, 81(2), 636-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01420.x

  • Wu, P., Robinson, C. C., Yang, C., Hart, C. H., Olsen, S. F., Porter, C. L., Jin, S., Wo, J., & Wu, X. (2002). Similarities and differences in mothers’ parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(6), 481-491. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250143000436

  • Yap, S. T., & Baharudin, R. (2016). The relationship between adolescents’ perceived parental involvement, self-efficacy beliefs, and subjective well-being: A multiple mediator model. Social Indicators Research, 126(1), 257-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0882-0

ISSN 0128-7680

e-ISSN 2231-8526

Article ID

JSSH-7347-2020

Download Full Article PDF

Share this article

Recent Articles