Home / Regular Issue / JTAS Vol. 32 (1) Jan. 2024 / JST-4205-2023

 

Estimation of Leachate Volume and Treatment Cost Avoidance Through Waste Segregation Programme in Malaysia

Josfirin Uding Rangga, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, Irniza Rasdi and Karmegam Karuppiah

Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, Volume 32, Issue 1, January 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.1.19

Keywords: Environment, health, leachate generation, recycling, waste

Published on: 15 January 2024

This study aims to calculate the avoided leachate volume and treatment cost from waste segregation practices compared to the existing waste disposal methods of landfilling. The mathematical equations were used to analyse the waste segregation rate, leachate volume and treatment cost. The study findings reveal that 99.4% of mixed waste was disposed of in landfills, resulting in an annual generation of 565 thousand cubic meters (m3) of leachate with an estimated treatment cost of MYR 19.82 million (USD 4.36 million). The segregated waste, which accounts for only 0.06%, reduces 354 m3 in leachate volume and a cost-saving of MYR 12.42 thousand (USD 2.73 thousand) in the treatment expenses per year. The findings concluded that waste segregation practice could reduce waste management costs by reducing leachate production and treatment costs and environmental impacts.

  • Abas, M. A., & Wee, S. T. (2014). The issues of policy implementation on solid waste management in Malaysia. International Journal of Conceptions on Management and Social Sciences, 2(3), 12-17.

  • Abunama, T., Othman, F., & Younes, M. K. (2018). Predicting sanitary landfill leachate generation in humid regions using ANFIS modeling. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(10), 1-15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6966-y

  • Aderemi, A. O., Oriaku, A. V, Adewumi, G. A., & Otitoloju, A. A. (2011). Assessment of groundwater contamination by leachate near a municipal solid waste landfill. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(11), 933-940.

  • Adhikari, B., Dahal, K. R., & Khanal, S. N. (2014). A review of factors affecting the composition of municipal solid waste landfill leachate. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT), 3(5), 273-281.

  • Agamuthu, P., & Victor, D. (2010). Policy evolution of solid waste management in Malaysia. In International Solid Waste Association Congress 2011 (pp. 916-924). UM Research Repository. http://eprints.um.edu.my/12896/1/2.Policy_evolution_of_Solid_Waste_Management_in_Malaysia.pdf

  • Al-Naggar, R. A., Abdulghani, M. A. M., & Al-Areefi, M. A. (2019). Effects of inappropriate waste management on health: Knowledge, attitude and practice among Malaysian population. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 19(1), 101-109.

  • Alghamdi, A., Aly, A. A., & Ibrahim, H. M. (2021). Assessing the environmental impacts of municipal solid waste landfill leachate on groundwater and soil contamination in western Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14, Article 350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06583-9

  • Ali, A. B., Alavi, N., Goudarzi, G., Teymouri, P., Kambiz, A., & Mohammad, R. (2015). Household recycling knowledge, attitudes and practices towards solid waste management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 102, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.06.014

  • Aljaradin, M., & Persson, K. M. (2016). The emission potential from municipal solid waste landfill in Jordan. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 17(1), 38-48. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/61188

  • Almeida, R. de, Bila, D. M., Quintaes, B. R., & Campos, J. C. (2020). Cost estimation of landfill leachate treatment by reverse osmosis in a Brazilian landfill. Waste Management and Research, 38(10), 1087-1092. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X20928411

  • Anuar, H. M., & Wahab, H. A. (2015). Sisa pepejal dan pembersihan awam: Pengurusan dan perundangan [Waste management and public cleansing: Management and legislation]. Solid Waste Solution Journal, 1, 1-19.

  • Azadi, S., Karimi-Jashni, A., Javadpour, S., & Mahmoudian-Boroujerd, L. (2021). Photocatalytic landfill leachate treatment using P-type TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light irradiation. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 6047-6065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00861-4

  • Azilah, M. A., Foziah, J., & Ho, C. . (2015). The effects of socio-economic influences on households recycling behaviour in Iskandar Malaysia. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 202, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.215

  • Aziz, H. A., Adlan, M. N., Amilin, K., Yusoff, M. S., Ramly, N. H., & Umar, M. (2012). Quantification of leachate generation rate from a semi-aerobic landfill in Malaysia. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 11(9), 1581-1585.

  • Aziz, H. A., & Ramli, S. F. (2018). Recent development in sanitary landfilling and landfill leachate treatment in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Engineering, 9(3-4), 201-229. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEE.2018.10018737

  • Bandala, E. R., Liu, A., Wijesiri, B., Zeidman, A. B., & Goonetilleke, A. (2021). Emerging materials and technologies for landfill leachate treatment: A critical review. Environmental Pollution, 291, Article 118133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118133

  • Bernama. (2022, March 10). Can Malaysia achieve 40 per cent recycling rate by 2025? New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/03/778625/can-malaysia-achieve-40-cent-recycling-rate-2025

  • Cheng, Z., Sun, Z., Zhu, S., Lou, Z., Zhu, N., & Feng, L. (2019). The identification and health risk assessment of odor emissions from waste landfilling and composting. Science of the Total Environment, 649, 1038-1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.230

  • Cingolani, D., Eusebi, A. L., & Battistoni, P. (2016). Osmosis process for leachate treatment in industrial platform: Economic and performances evaluations to zero liquid discharge. Journal of Environmental Management, 203, 782-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.012

  • Coelho, L. M. G., & Lange, L. C. (2018). Applying life cycle assessment to support environmentally sustainable waste management strategies in Brazil. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 128, 438-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.09.026

  • Debrah, J. K., Vidal, D. G., & Dinis, M. A. P. (2021). Raising awareness on solid waste management through formal education for sustainability: A developing countries evidence review. Recycling, 6(6), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010006

  • Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2019a). Demographic Statistics First Quarter 2019 , Malaysia. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=430&bul_id=Mno2WGQ3QUdmaUM3c3l0NzN0aW9tZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09

  • Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2019b). Statistic. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=d1dTR0JMK2hUUUFnTnp5WUR2d3VBQT09

  • Detho, A., Daud, Z., Samo, S. R., Khan, Z., Memon, D. A., & Awang, H. (2020). Physicochemical characteristics of landfill leachate from Simpang Renggam landfill site, Johor, Malaysia. Quest Research Journal, 18(2), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.52584/QRJ.1802.13

  • Dia, O., Drogui, P., Buelna, G., & Dubé, R. (2018). Hybrid process, electrocoagulation-biofiltration for landfill leachate treatment. Waste Management, 75, 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.016

  • Eslami, A., Saghi, M. H., Akbari-adergani, B., Sadeghi, S., Ghaderpoori, M., Rabbani, M., & Alinejad, A. (2021). Synthesis of modified ZnO nanorods and investigation of its application for removal of phthalate from landfill leachate: A case study in Aradkouh landfill site. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19, 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00587-5

  • Fauziah, S. H., & Agamuthu, P. (2010). Landfills in Malaysia: Past, present and future. In International Conference on Final Sinks (pp. 1-9). UM Research Repository. https://eprints.um.edu.my/11314/

  • Foufou, A., Djorfi, S., Haied, N., Kechiched, R., Azlaoui, M., & Hani, A. (2017). Water pollution diagnosis and risk assessment of Wadi Zied plain aquifer caused by the leachates of Annaba landfill (N-E Algeria). Energy Procedia, 119, 393-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.123

  • Hassan, M. S., Hayin, N. A. M., Ismail, M. R., & Mahmud, N. H. (2022). 14 juta tan sampah pada 2022 [14 million tons of waste in 2022]. Metro. https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2021/07/732770/14-juta-tan-sampah-pada-2022

  • Hoornweg, D., & Perinaz, B. T. (2012). What a Waste: A global Review of Solid Waste Management. The World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/17388

  • Ibrahim, T. N. T., Mahmood, N. Z., & Othman, F. (2016). Estimation of leachate generation from MSW landfills in Selangor. Environmental Science, 19(1), 43-48.

  • Ibrahim, T. N. T., Mahmood, N. Z., & Othman, F. (2017). Estimation of leachate generation from MSW landfills in Selangor. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences, 19(1), 43-48.

  • Imran, A., Shreeshivadasan, C., Norhayati, A., & Mohd Danish, A. (2019). Sanitary landfill is a solution in solid waste management or a silent threat to environment: Malaysian scenario article history. Open International Journal of Informatics, 7, 135-146.

  • Irina, S. Z., & Chamburi, S. (2015). An analysis of household acceptance of curbside recycling scheme in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Habitat International, 47, 248-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.01.014

  • Irina, S. Z., Zainura, Z. N., & Rafiu, O. Y. (2014). The profiles of household solid waste recyclers and non-recyclers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Habitat International, 42, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.10.010

  • Jain, A. (2017). Waste Management in ASEAN countries. United Nations Environment Programme. http://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/waste-management-asean-countries-summary-report

  • Jamliah, A. (2022, February 21). Kadar kitar semula kebangsaan meningkat [The national recycling rate has increased]. Utusan Malaysia. https://www.utusan.com.my/nasional/2022/02/kitar-semula/

  • Jun, D., Mingjiang, N., Yong, C., Daoan, Z., & Chao, F. (2013). Life cycle and economic assessment of source-separated MSW collection with regard to greenhouse gas emissions: A case study in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(8), 5512-5524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1569-1

  • Kamel, H. (2021, October 18). Recycling is key to waste recovery’s future. The Malaysia Reserve. https://themalaysianreserve.com/2021/10/18/recycling-is-key-to-waste-recoverys-future/

  • Kaya, M. (2016). Recovery of metals and nonmetals from electronic waste by physical and chemical recycling processes. Waste Management, 57, 64-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.08.004

  • Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., & Van, W. F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. World Bank Publications. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html

  • Khaled, S. B., & Muhammad, A. A. (2016). Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in soil and vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23(1), S32-S44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.023

  • Knickmeyer, D. (2020). Social factors influencing household waste separation: A literature review on good practices to improve the recycling performance of urban areas. Journal of Cleaner Production, 245, Article 118605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118605

  • Liikanen, M., Havukainen, J., Viana, E., & Horttanainen, M. (2018). Steps towards more environmentally sustainable municipal solid waste management - A life cycle assessment study of São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 150-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.005

  • Liu, Y., Ni, Z., Kong, X., & Liu, J. (2017). Greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste with a high organic fraction under different management scenarios. Journal of Cleaner Production, 147, 451-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.135

  • Low, S. T., Tee, S. Y., & Choong, W. W. (2016). Preferred attributes of waste separation behaviour: An empirical study. International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering and Construction, 145, 738-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.094

  • Magda, M. A. E. S., & Gaber, I. A. Z. (2015). Impact of landfill leachate on the groundwater quality: A case study in Egypt. Journal of Advanced Research, 6(4), 579-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.003

  • Mahat, H., Hashim, M., Nayan, N., Saleh, Y., & Norkhaidi, S. B. (2019). E-waste disposal awareness among the Malaysian community. Knowledge Management and E-Learning, 11(3), 393-408. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2019.11.021

  • Maiti, S. K., De, S., Hazra, T., Debsarkar, A., & Dutta, A. (2016). Characterization of leachate and its impact on surface and groundwater quality of a closed dumpsite - A case study at Dhapa, Kolkata, India. International Conference on Solid Waste Management, 35, 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.07.019

  • Malik, N. K. A., Abdullah, S. H., & Manaf, L. A. (2015). Community participation on solid waste segregation through recycling programmes in Putrajaya. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 30, 10-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.10.002

  • Manaf, L. A., Samah, M. A. A., & Zukki, N. I. M. (2009). Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia: Practices and challenges. Waste Management, 29(11), 2902-2906. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.07.015

  • Maria, F. D., & Micale, C. (2014). A holistic life cycle analysis of waste management scenarios at increasing source segregation intensity: The case of an Italian urban area. Waste Management, 34(11), 2382-2392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.007

  • Martins, D. C. C., Scandelai, A. P. J., Cardozo-Filho, L., & Tavares, C. R. G. (2020). Supercritical water oxidation treatment of humic acid as a model organic compound of landfill leachate. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 98, 868-878. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23691

  • Mekonnen, B., Haddis, A., & Zeine, W. (2020). Assessment of the effect of solid waste dump site on surrounding soil and river water quality in Tepi Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2020, Article 5157046. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5157046

  • Ministry of Economy. (2021). Twelfth Malaysia Plan (2021-2025). https://rmke12.epu.gov.my/en/documents/twelfth-plan

  • Ministry of Housing and Local Government. (2015). Solid Waste Management Lab 2015. http://www.kpkt.gov.my/resources/index/user_1/Attachments/hebahan_slider/slaid_dapatan_makmal.pdf

  • Moa, S., Wang, Y., & Chen, F. (2021). Stability and microbial diversity of the aerobic granular sludge under low carbon to nitrogen ratio. Environmental Chemistry, 3, 904-913. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019101105

  • Mor, S., & Ravindra, K. (2023). Municipal solid waste landfills in lower- and middle-income countries: Environmental impacts, challenges and sustainable management practices. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 174, 510-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.04.014

  • Nai, C., Tang, M., Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Dong, L., Liu, J., & Huang, Q. (2021). Potentially contamination and health risk to shallow groundwater caused by closed industrial solid waste landfills: Site reclamation evaluation strategies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286, Article 125402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125402

  • National Solid Waste Management Department. (2013). Survey on Solid Waste Composition , Characteristics & Existing Practice of Solid Waste Recycling in Malaysia. Ministry of Housing and Local Government. http://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/resources/index/user_1/Sumber_Rujukan/kajian/Final_Report_REVz.pdf

  • National Solid Waste Management Department. (2021). Bilangan Tapak Pelupusan Mengikut Negeri [The Number of Disposal Sites According to State]. Ministry of Housing and Local Government. http://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/69%0Ahttp://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/134

  • Noor, A. S. (2022, April 25). 17,000 tan sisa makanan setiap hari [17,000 tonnes of food waste every day]. Berita Harian Online. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/04/949530/17000-tan-sisa-makanan-setiap-hari

  • Obiri-Nyarko, F., Duah, A. A., Karikari, A. Y., Agyekum, W. A., Manu, E., & Tagoe, R. (2021). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at the Kpone landfill site, Ghana: Implication for ecological and health risk assessment. Chemosphere, 282, Article 131007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131007

  • Othman, N., Razali, A., Chelliapan, S., Mohammad, R., & Kamyab, H. (2021). Chapter 18 - A design framework for an integrated end-of-life vehicle waste management system in Malaysia. In Soft Computing Techniques in Solid Waste and Wastewater Management (pp. 305-319). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824463-0.00021-5

  • Otitoju, T. A., & Lau, S. (2014). Municipal solid waste management: Household waste segregation in Kuching South City, Sarawak, Malaysia. American Journal of Engineering Research, 03(06), 82-91.

  • Özçoban, M. Ş., Acarer, S., & Tüfekci, N. (2022). Effect of solid waste landfill leachate contaminants on hydraulic conductivity of landfill liners. Water Science and Technology, 85(5), 1581-1599. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.033

  • Pathak, P., Srivastava, R. R., & Ojasvi. (2019). Chapter 5 - Environmental management of e-waste. Electronic Waste Management and Treatment Technology, 2019, 103-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816190-6.00005-4

  • Pujara, Y., Pathak, P., Sharma, A., & Govani, J. (2019). Review on Indian municipal solid waste management practices for reduction of environmental impacts to achieve sustainable development goals. Journal of Environmental Management, 248, Article 109238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.009

  • Rangga, J. U., Ismail, S. N. S., Rasdi, I., & Karuppiah, K. (2023). Contribution of waste segregation to GHG emissions , land usage, and health risk of NMVOC exposure: A study in Malaysia. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 25, 181-197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01530-6

  • Samsudin, M. D. M., & Don, M. M. (2013). Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia: Current practices, challenges and prospect. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences and Engineering), 62(1), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v62.1293

  • Sato, Y., Zeng, Q., Meng, L., & Chen, G. (2021). Importance of combined electrochemical process sequence and electrode arrangements: A lab-scale trial of real reverse osmosis landfill leachate concentrate. Water Research, 192, Article 116849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.116849

  • Sharifah, N. S. I., Che, F. I., Armi, A. S. M., Erneeza, M. H., & Aini, S. A. W. (2015). Soil contamination from non-sanitary waste landfill in Langat water catchment area, Malaysia. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 7(6), 480-493. https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2015/15102

  • Show, P. L., Pal, P., Leong, H. Y., Juan, J. C., & Ling, T. C. (2019). A review on the advanced leachate treatment technologies and their performance comparison: An opportunity to keep the environment safe. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(4), 1-28.

  • Slagstad, H., & Brattebø, H. (2012). LCA for household waste management when planning a new urban settlement. Waste Management, 32(7), 1482-1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.018

  • Soni, A., Das, P. K., Hashmi, A. W., Yusuf, M., Kamyab, H., & Chelliapan, S. (2022). Challenges and opportunities of utilizing municipal solid waste as alternative building materials for sustainable development goals: A review. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 27, Article 100706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2022.100706

  • Soni, A., Das, P. K., Yusuf, M., Ridha, S., Kamyab, H., Chelliapan, S., Kirpichnikova, I., & Mussa, Z. H. (2023). Valorization of post-consumers plastics and agro-waste in sustainable polymeric composites for tribological applications. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2023, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-023-02103-w

  • Sreenivasan, J., Govindan, M., Chinnasami, M., & Kadiresu, I. (2012). Solid Waste Management in Malaysia - A Move Towards Sustainability. In L. F. M. Rebellon (Ed.), Waste Management: An Integrated Vision (pp. 55-70). InTech.

  • Suratman, S., Tawnie, I., & Sefei, A. (2011). Impact of landfills on groundwater in Selangor, Malaysia. ASM Science Journal, 5(2), 101-107.

  • Taha, M. R., Yaacob, W. Z. W., Samsudin, A. R., & Yaakob, J. (2011). Groundwater quality at two landfill sites in Selangor, Malaysia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 57(57), 13-18. https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm57201103

  • Ting, L. S., Yee, T. S., & Wai, C. W. (2016). Preferred attributes of waste separation behaviour: An empirical study. International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering and Construction, 145, 738-745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.094

  • Tiseo, I. (2022). Global recycling rates of municipal solid waste 2020, by select country. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1052439/rate-of-msw-recycling-worldwide-by-key-country/

  • Turner, D. A., Williams, I. D., & Kemp, S. (2015). Greenhouse gas emission factors for recycling of source-segregated waste materials. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 105, 186-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.026

  • USEPA. (2023). What is a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill? United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/landfills/municipal-solid-waste-landfills#whatis

  • Utusan Online. (2017). 13.5 juta tan sampah setiap tahun. Utusan Online. https://upm.edu.my/akhbar/135_juta_tan_sampah_setiap_tahun-126

  • Wu, C., Liu, J., Liu, S., Li, W., Yan, L., Shu, M., Zhao, P., Zhou, P., & Cao, W. (2018). Assessment of the health risks and odor concentration of volatile compounds from a municipal solid waste landfill in China. Chemosphere, 202, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.068

  • Yahaya, N., & Larsen, I. (2010). Federalising Solid Waste Management in Peninsular Malaysia. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA).

  • Yan, C., Cheng, Z., Quan, X., Feng, C., & Cheng, G. (2021). Electrochemical pretreatment of landfill leachate RO concentrate with multi-channel mesh electrodes. Environmental Chemistry, 2, 603-613. https://doi.org/10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020030801

  • Yao, X. Z., Ma, R. C., Li, H. J., Wang, C., Zhang, C., Yin, S. S., Wu, D., He, X. Y., Wang, J., Zhan, L. T., & He, R. (2019). Assessment of the major odor contributors and health risks of volatile compounds in three disposal technologies for municipal solid waste. Waste Management, 91, 128-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.009

  • Yiing, C. M., & Latifah, A. M. (2017). Solid waste management transformation and future challenges of source separation and recycling practice in Malaysia. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 116, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.09.012

  • Yong, C., Jun, D., Yuanjun, T., Qunxing, H., & Mingjiang, N. (2015). Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste source-separated collection and integrated waste management systems in Hangzhou, China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 17(4), 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-014-0300-8

  • Zaini, M. S. I., Hasan, M., & Zolkepli, M. F. (2022). Urban landfills investigation for leachate assessment using electrical resistivity imaging in Johor, Malaysia. Environmental Challenges, 6, Article 100415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100415

  • Zaipul, A. Z., & Ahmad, R. S. (2017). Policies, challenges and strategies for municipal waste management in Malaysia. Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, 3(1), 18-22.

ISSN 1511-3701

e-ISSN 2231-8542

Article ID

JST-4205-2023

Download Full Article PDF

Share this article

Related Articles