e-ISSN 2231-8542
ISSN 1511-3701
Siti Nor Aishah Mohd-Salleh, Nur Shaylinda Mohd-Zin, Norzila Othman, Yashni Gopalakrishnan and Norshila Abu-Bakar
Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, Volume 29, Issue 3, July 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.29.3.36
Keywords: Coagulation-flocculation; jar test; natural coagulant; polyaluminium chloride; removal efficiency
Published on: 31 July 2021
Agro-waste can be commercialised into another useful product such as natural coagulant for wastewater treatment. The purpose of this study was to quantify the ability of agro-waste (Manihot esculenta peel extract (MEP)) as an aid alongside the utilisation of chemical coagulant (polyaluminium chloride (PAC)) based on the removal percentages of selected parameters at the optimum coagulant dosage and pH of stabilised leachate. Series of jar tests were used to compare the leachate treatments using single and the dual coagulant of PAC and MEP with respective standard methods to analyse the removal parameters, i.e., Colorimetric (APHA Method:5220 C, HACH Method:8000) for chemical oxygen demand (COD), Conductimetric (APHA Method: 4500-N, HACH Method: 8038) for ammonia nitrogen (AN), Nephelometric (APHA Method:2130) for turbidity, Spectrophotometric (APHA Method: 2120 B, HACH Method: 8025) for colour, and Gravimetric (APHA Method:2540 D, HACH Method:630) for suspended solids (SS). Leachate treatment using the application of single PAC coagulant at the optimum conditions of 3,750 mg/L dosage and pH 6.0 of leachate managed to remove about 54.1%, 28%, 91.1%, 98%, and 98% for COD, AN, turbidity, colour, and SS, respectively. Meanwhile, by using dual coagulant at the optimum dosages of 3,500 mg/L (PAC) and 250 mg/L (MEP), and pH 7.0 of leachate, the treatment achieved higher removal except for the colour parameter. The final removal outcomes of this study were 58.3% of COD, 34% of AN, 96.9% of turbidity, 92.1% of colour, and 99% of SS. The application of MEP as coagulant aid also managed to reduce the aluminium (Al) content in PAC dosage from 577.5 mg/L to 539.0 mg/L without affecting much of its efficiency.
Al-Hamadani, Y. A. J., Yusoff, M. S., Umar, M., Bashir, M. J. K., & Adlan, M. N. (2011). Application of psyllium husk as coagulant and coagulant aid in semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190(1-3), 582-587. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2011.03.087
Aljuboori, A. H. R., Idris, A., Al-joubory, H. H. R., Uemura, Y., & Abubakar, B. I. (2015). Flocculation behavior and mechanism of bioflocculant produced by Aspergillus flavus. Journal Environment Management, 150, 466-471.
APHA. (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (23rd Ed.). American Public Health Association.
Asharuddin, S. M., Othman, N., Shaylinda, M. Z. N., & Tajarudin, H. A. (2017). A chemical and morphological study of cassava peel: A potential waste as coagulant aid. In MATEC Web of Conferences, 103(4), Article 06012. http://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710306012
Asharuddin, S. M., Othman, N., Shaylinda, N., Zin, M., Tajarudin, H. A., Din, M. F., & Kumar, V. (2018). Performance assessment of cassava peel starch and alum as dual coagulant for turbidity removal in dam water. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 10(4), http://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2018.10.04.029
Awang, N. A., & Aziz, H. A. (2012). Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf extract as coagulant aid in leachate treatment. Journal of Applied Water Science, 2(4), 293-298. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-012-0049-y
Aziz, S. Q., Aziz, H. A., Bashir, M. J. K., & Mojiri, A. (2015). Assessment of various tropical municipal landfill leachate characteristics and treatment opportunities. Global NEST Journal, 17(3), 439-450.
Azizan, M. O., Shaylinda, M. Z. N., Mohd-Salleh, S. N. A., Mohd-Amdan, N. S., Yashni, G., Fitryaliah, M. S., & Afnizan, W. M. W. (2020). Treatment of leachate by coagulation-flocculation process using polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and tapioca starch (TS). In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 736, Article 022029. http://doi:10.1088/1757-899X/736/2/022029
Kamaruddin, M. A., Yusoff, M. S., Aziz, H. A., & Hung, Y. T. (2015). Sustainable treatment of landfill leachate. Journal of Applied Water Science, 5(2), 113-126. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0177-7
Li, S., Lv, Y., & Liu, Z. (2015). Preparation of composite coagulant of PFM-PDMDAAC and its coagulation performance in treatment of landfill leachate. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 5(2), 177-188. http://doi.org/ 10.2166/wrd.2015.093
Mehmood, M. K., Adetutu, E., Nedwell, D. B., & Ball, A. S. (2009). In situ microbial treatment of landfill leachate using aerated lagoons. Journal of Bio resource Technology, 100(10), 2741-2744. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.031
Mohd-Salleh, S. N. A., Mohd-Zin, N. S., Othman, N., Mohd-Amdan, N. S., & Mohd-Shahli, F. (2018). Dosage and pH optimization on stabilized landfill leachate via coagulation-flocculation process. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 250, p. 06007). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825006007
Mohd-Salleh, S. N. A., Shaylinda, M. Z. N., Othman, N., Yasni, G., & Norshila, A. B. (2020a). Optimisation of tapioca peel powder as natural coagulant in removing chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, turbidity, colour, and suspended solids from leachate sample. In Water and Environmental Engineering (pp. 69-86). UTHM Publishing.
Mohd-Salleh, S. N. A., Shaylinda, M. Z. N., Othman, N., Azizan, M. O., Yashni, G., & Afnizan, W. M. W. (2020b). Sustainability analysis on landfilling and evaluation of characteristics in landfill leachate: A case study. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 736, Article 072002. https://doi:10.1088/1757-899X/736/7/072002
Mohd-Salleh, S. N. A., Shaylinda, M. Z. N., Othman, N., Yasni, G., & Norshila, A. B. (2020c). Coagulation performance and mechanism of a new coagulant (Polyaluminium chloride-tapioca peel powder) for landfill leachate treatment. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 15(6), 3709-3722.
Ni, F., He, J., Wang, Y., & Luan, Z. (2015). Preparation and characterisation of a cost-effective red mud/polyaluminum chloride composite coagulant for enhanced phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 6, 158-165.
Oladoja, N. A. (2016). Advances in the quest for substitute for synthetic organic polyelectrolytes as coagulant aid in water and wastewater treatment operations. Journal of Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 3, 47-58. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2016.04.001
Rusdizal, N., Aziz, H. A., & Mohd-Omar, F. (2015). Potential use of polyaluminium chloride and tobacco leaf as coagulant and coagulant aid in post-treatment of landfill leachate. Avicenna Journal Environmental Health Engineering, 2(2), 1-5. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0693-8
Shaylinda, M. Z. N., Aziz, H. A., Adlan, M. N., Ariffin, A., Yusoff, M. S., & Dahlan, I. (2014). Treatability study of partially stabilized leachate by composite coagulant (Pre-hydrolyzed iron and tapioca flour). International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(7), 313-319. http://doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2014-p0313-0319
Syafalni, Lim, H. K., Ismail, N., Abustan, I., Murshed, M. F., & Ahmad, A. (2012). Treatment of landfill leachate by using lateritic soil as a natural coagulant. Journal of Environmental Management, 112, 353-359. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.001
Wang, B., Shui, Y., He, M., & Liu, P. (2017). Comparison of flocs characteristics using before and after composite coagulants under different coagulation mechanisms. Journal of Biochemical Engineering, 121, 107-117. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2017.01.020
Yusoff, M. S., & Zuki, N. A. M. (2015). Optimum of treatment condition for Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds starch as natural coagulant aid in landfill leachate treatment by RSM. Journal of Applied Mechanics and Materials, 802, 484-489. http://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ AMM.802.484
Zailani, L. W. M., Mohd-Amdan, N. S., & Shaylinda, M. Z. N. (2018). Characterisation of leachate at Simpang Renggam landfill site, Johor, Malaysia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 140(1), Article 012053. http://doi.org/10.1088/17551315/140/1/012053
Zainol, N. A., Aziz, H. A., Yusoff, M. S., & Umar, M. (2011). The use of poly aluminum chloride for the treatment of landfill leachate via coagulation and flocculation processes. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 1(3), 34-39.
ISSN 1511-3701
e-ISSN 2231-8542